Print ISSN: 2655-9080 | Electronic ISSN: 2685-8878 Journal of Language (JoL)is an open-access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal published by the Faculty of Literature, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara (UISU), Medan, Indonesia. The journal encompasses research reports in linguistics, literature, language teaching, and critical evaluations of books within these domains. The primary objective of JoL is to offer a platform for scholars, academicians, and researchers to disseminate contemporary thoughts and advancements in the fields of language, literature, and language pedagogy. JoL is published biannually, with issues released in May and November. The journal holds national accreditation with Grade 4 (SINTA 4) by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, as per Decree Number 72/E/KPT/2024, effective from Volume 1, Number 1, 2023, through Volume 9, Number 2, 2027. Authors are invited to submit original, unpublished research findings that are not under review by other journals. Submitted manuscripts must adhere to the journal's style guidelines and are subject to a rigorous review and editing process. The journal's scope includes, but is not limited to, linguistics, literature, and language teaching, with submissions written in English.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
CITISPACE-BASED VISUALIZED ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH ON CHINESE EFL LEARNERS’ ORAL ENGLISH OUTPUT IN RECENT FIFTEEN YEARS
Oral English output is a core link in the transformation of linguistic knowledge into practical application ability. Taking the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) academic journal network publishing database as the data source, this paper uses the CiteSpace 6.3.R 1 data visualization software to map scientific knowledge, and conducts a systematic analysis of relevant literatures in the field of Chinese EFL learners' oral English output over the past 15 years, so as to reveal the development trends, hotspots and frontiers of this field. The results show that the research in the field of Chinese EFL learners' oral English output from 2010 to 2025 presents a fluctuating characteristic, going through three stages: the accumulation and development stage, the significant growth stage and the stable maturity stage. Research hotspots focus on oral English output, with emphasis on English teaching practice in different school stages; research frontiers concentrate on the cultivation of oral English output ability in specific school stages. Future research should, on the basis of diversifying research methods, carry out studies around different themes, promote interdisciplinary research, and conform to the development of educational digitalization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shen Tiantian, Hu Weijie
A PRAGMATIC AND TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF HUMOR IN THE CAPTION TRANSLATION OF JOHNNY ENGLISH
This study examines how captions translate humor in Johnny English, drawing on Mona Baker’s equivalence framework—particularly its textual and pragmatic dimensions. Through analysis of selected scenes, the research shows that captions convey meaning not only through linguistic transfer but also by integrating visual cues, sound effects, and comedic timing. Textual equivalence is analyzed in terms of cohesion, coherence, and dialogue sequencing, while pragmatic equivalence addresses implicit meaning, cultural references, and humor reception. The findings reveal that captioning often departs from literal translation to apply pragmatic adjustments, ensuring that irony, slapstick, and parody remain effective for target audiences. Textual strategies such as omission, condensation, and sequencing help preserve narrative flow and comedic rhythm. Overall, the study underscores captions as sites of creative negotiation between fidelity and functionality, reaffirming the relevance of Baker’s equivalence model in audiovisual translation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamara Tebiyani, Baharuddin Baharuddin, Ahmad Junaidi
OPTIMIZING READING COMPREHENSION IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL PHASE F STUDENTS: THE ROLE OF VERBAL-LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE AND TEACHER COMPETENCE THROUGH THE UNDERSTANDING BY DESIGN APPROACH
Reading comprehension is a fundamental literacy skill that determines students’ academic success and readiness for the workforce. However, Indonesian students’ low performance in international assessments highlights the urgency of addressing reading literacy, particularly at the vocational high school level where learners are preparing for internships and direct entry into employment. This study examines the influence of verbal-linguistic intelligence and teacher competence, within the framework of the Understanding by Design (UbD) approach, on students’ reading comprehension, with learning motivation considered as a mediating variable. A quantitative research design was applied, involving 104 students from a Vocational High School (Phase F), selected using Slovin’s formula and simple random sampling. Data were collected through tests and questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Squares method. The findings demonstrate that both verbal-linguistic intelligence and teacher competence have a significant positive effect on learning motivation. These factors also showed a positive influence on reading comprehension, although their direct influence had weak significance. Importantly, learning motivation is confirmed as a strong mediator, strengthening the impact of teacher competence and verbal-linguistic intelligence on reading comprehension. This study underscores the importance of fostering students’ linguistic capacity and enhancing teacher competence through the UbD approach, as these efforts are more effective when supported by high learning motivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bastian Sugandi, Eryon, Zainina Kamiliya
FELICITY CONDITIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING INCOMPETENT DISCOURSE: BRIDGING THE CONCEPTS OF RUWAIBIDAH AND THE DUNNING–KRUGER EFFECT
This study investigates how felicity conditions—a fundamental concept in speech act theory—serve as an analytical framework for understanding incompetent discourse, particularly at the intersection of Ruwaibidah (a prophetic term referring to unqualified individuals who speak on public affairs) and the Dunning–Kruger Effect (a psychological bias in which people with limited ability overestimate their competence). By integrating insights from Islamic ethics, pragmatics, and cognitive psychology, the research examines how violations of key felicity conditions—sincerity, authority, appropriateness, and truthfulness—manifest as epistemic and moral failures in public communication. Drawing on case studies from Indonesian political discourse, the study reveals how such violations distort meaning, erode public trust, and contribute to the normalization of incompetent speech. Ultimately, the paper proposes that felicity conditions offer a comprehensive normative lens for evaluating the ethical legitimacy and epistemic integrity of speech acts, fostering a deeper interdisciplinary understanding of responsible discourse and communicative competence within social and political contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aprili Yanti, Ely Ezir
INTERSECTING FORMS OF VIOLENCE AND TRAUMA IN KATHLEEN GLASGOW’S GIRL IN PIECES: A LITERARY-SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE MENTAL HEALTH
This article analyzes the complex representation of violence and trauma in Kathleen Glasgow’s Girl in Pieces, focusing on the protagonist Charlie Davis. Through Johan Galtung’s violence typology—direct, structural, and symbolic—the study reveals how Glasgow constructs an emotionally resonant narrative of trauma that is deeply rooted in systemic and interpersonal failures. Charlie’s self-harm, institutional neglect, and internalized shame illustrate how violence is experienced not only through physical abuse but also through social and cultural mechanisms. The research applies a sociological approach to literature and trauma theory, situating the novel within the broader context of Young Adult (YA) fiction that foregrounds psychological suffering. This approach reveals that Girl in Pieces is not merely a coming-of-age story but a social critique of how institutions respond to marginalized female trauma. Using qualitative content analysis, the article contributes to discussions in trauma-informed literary pedagogy and young adult mental health literature. Findings suggest that literature, when interpreted through a sociological and trauma-sensitive lens, holds critical potential for reshaping understandings of mental illness, recovery, and gendered pain. The study supports the integration of trauma narratives into educational spaces as a means to foster empathy, awareness, and policy reform around youth mental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Malisa Surayya MS, Wan Anayati, Purwarno Purwarno
THE USE OF VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) IN ENHANCING PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILLS IN RECEPTIVE ORAL LANGUAGE LEARNING
This study aims to examine how Virtual Reality (VR) can enhance students’ public speaking skills in Receptive Oral Language Learning. VR provides a realistic and interactive environment that allows learners to practice speaking without the pressure of a real audience. Through VR, students can engage in various scenarios, receive immediate feedback, and improve their confidence and fluency in public speaking. This research employed a mixed-method approach involving interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The findings indicate that VR is an effective tool for improving both verbal and non-verbal communication. Quantitative results show that 80% of students strongly agreed and 20% agreed that VR enhances their public speaking performance. Qualitative feedback further revealed that VR practice reduced anxiety and increased learners’ motivation. However, challenges such as the high cost of VR equipment, limited accessibility, and health-related comfort issues were also identified. Overall, VR is proven to be a valuable pedagogical tool for improving students’ public speaking competence and receptive oral language learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Puan Suri Mira Annisa, Rafika Dewi Nasution, Bahagia Saragih, Ade Aini Nuran, Fanny Rizki
INHERITED SHAME AND IDENTITY FRAGMENTATION IN KENZABURŌ ŌE’S THE SILENT CRY: A FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
This article examines the psychological disintegration of Takashi, the central character in Kenzaburō Ōe’s The Silent Cry, through the lens of Freudian psychoanalysis. Drawing on Sigmund Freud’s structural theory of the psyche—particularly the dynamics of the id, ego, and superego—this study explores how identity crisis, generational trauma, and defense mechanisms shape Takashi’s internal conflict and destructive behavior. The analysis reveals that Takashi’s revolutionary actions are not driven by coherent political ideology, but by inherited shame, repressed grief, and the failure of ego mediation. His descent into violence and mania is interpreted as a symbolic enactment of psychological collapse, wherein inherited guilt and unresolved trauma override rationality and self-regulation. The superego, as portrayed in the novel, functions not only as a moral compass but as a punitive legacy passed through family and cultural memory. This study also highlights the interplay of defense mechanisms—such as projection, rationalization, denial, and sublimation—that ultimately fail to contain his psychic distress. By interpreting The Silent Cry as a narrative of personal and national trauma, this paper demonstrates how literature can serve as a site for exploring deep psychological wounds, especially those stemming from unspoken histories and familial burden.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaimilatun Nuri Zainasti, Muhammad Ali Pawiro, Ely Ezir
THE REPRESENTATION OF TRUST VALUES IN RICK RIORDAN’S THE SEA OF MONSTERS
Trust is a fundamental value that shapes human interactions and relationships, providing the foundation for cooperation, loyalty, and moral responsibility. This study analyzes the representation of trust values in Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters (2006), focusing on three dimensions identified by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman (1995): ability, kindness, and integrity. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research examines how these values are embedded in the characters’ relationships, particularly between Percy Jackson and Tyson. Primary data were collected through close reading of the novel, while secondary data were drawn from relevant scholarly literature on trust, psychology, and young adult fiction. The findings reveal that trust through ability is demonstrated by Tyson’s physical strength and Annabeth’s intelligence, which establish credibility and reliability. Trust through kindness is represented in Tyson’s loyalty and sacrifice, which transform prejudice into acceptance and deepen emotional bonds. Finally, trust through integrity distinguishes loyal characters such as Tyson and Annabeth from betrayers like Luke, highlighting the fragility of moral consistency. These representations show that trust in young adult literature serves narrative and pedagogical functions, encouraging readers to reflect on empathy, inclusivity, and ethical responsibility. The study concludes that Riordan’s novel not only entertains but also provides moral education, reinforcing the importance of trust as a transformative value in both literature and life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Purwarno Purwarno, Anugrah Syafrizar Sihaloho
REPRESENTATION OF NATIONALISM VALUES IN FAOZAN RIZAL’S HABIBIE & AINUN MOVIE SCRIPT
This research explores the nationalism values shown in the movie Habibie & Ainun, directed by Faozan Rizal. The story focuses on the life of Indonesia's third president, B.J. Habibie, and his wife, Ainun. The film also portrays nationalism through civic, romantic, and economic lenses. Using a qualitative method with content analysis, the research found various types of nationalism values in the movie, such as civic nationalism, romantic nationalism, cultural nationalism, and economic nationalism. These values are reflected in Habibie's dedication to building the nation, establishing Indonesia’s airplane industry, and his deep love for his country. The research also identifies the purposes of nationalism in the movie, such as building national pride, unity, and a sense of responsibility to the country. This research demonstrates that movies can be powerful tools for promoting national values, particularly among the younger generation. This study contributes to film and cultural studies by revealing how cinematic narratives can construct national identity
Copyright (c) 2025 Elisa Sirait, Susi Ekalestari
STUDENTS’ MASTERY OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN VERBAL SENTENCES: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY AT SMP BANDAR KLIPPA
This study explores students’ mastery of the simple present tense in verbal sentences, emphasizing their ability to construct positive, negative, and interrogative forms. The research was conducted at SMP Bandar Klippa, located in Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, during the 2023/2024 academic year. Employing a descriptive quantitative design, the study utilized an objective multiple-choice test as its primary instrument. A purposive sample of 23 students was selected from a population of 142. The findings indicate that students’ overall mastery of the simple present tense falls within the “fail” category, with a mean score of 49.56. Among the three forms assessed, Formula I (positive sentences) appeared as the most dominant, with a mean score of 0.52 or 37%. These results suggest that students struggle more with negative and interrogative sentence construction. Hence, adopting more contextualized and communicative grammar teaching methods is strongly recommended to enhance students’ grammatical accuracy and practical use of English in real-life communication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pandiwi Hasanah, M Manugeren
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES IN LOUISA MAY ALCOTT’S NOVEL LITTLE WOMEN
This study examines how social class differences are portrayed and how they affect the protagonists in Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women. Using Marxist literary theory, the analysis focuses on class distinctions between the upper and lower classes and explores their implications for social behavior and personal identity. The qualitative descriptive method is applied to textual data gathered from close reading of the novel and relevant critical sources. The findings indicate that social class has significant impacts on the characters’ lives, manifested through experiences of bullying, jealousy, and internalized social inequality. The protagonists, particularly Meg and Amy March, face emotional conflict and social exclusion as consequences of their lower-class status. These experiences not only reveal structural injustices but also reflect broader capitalist social dynamics that define access to power, privilege, and self-worth. The study concludes that Little Women remains a valuable text for understanding how literature mirrors the enduring social hierarchies that shape human experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Dwi Utami, Andang Suhendi
PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF-JUSTIFICATION OF CRUEL ACTS IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S NOVEL AND THEN THERE WERE NONE
The study analyzes Judge Wargrave’s psychological mechanisms of self-justification in Agatha Christie’s And Then There Were None. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the analysis identifies Wargrave’s self-justification, defense mechanisms, and manipulative behaviors as strategies to rationalize his cruelty. His sadistic obsession and obsessive ambition reveal the complexity of moral reasoning behind his actions. The study contributes to understanding human rationalization of unethical behavior through a literary-psychological lens.The analysis was carried out by categorizing some information into two themes of diccussion. The first theme is the protagonist’s three actions to justify his cruel act: self-justification, self-defense mechanisms, and manipulation. Then, the second theme is the protagonist’s two reasons to do cruel act: sadistic obsession and insane ambition. The results of this study indicate that Judge Wargrave uses various psychological mechanisms to justify his cruel actions. By looking at the psychological and literary context, this research provides an understanding of human nature and behavior, which shows the psychological complexity of the protagonist to uphold justice in an unethical way.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cherry Adistya Nasution, Sri Wulan
OPTIMISM VALUES IN RACHAEL LIPPINCOTT'S FIVE FEET APART
This study, entitled Protagonist’s Optimism Values in Rachael Lippincott’s Five Feet Apart, aims to analyze the optimism values reflected through the main character, Stella Grant, using a qualitative descriptive method. The analysis focuses on how Stella’s behavior demonstrates optimism as she faces the challenges of living with cystic fibrosis. Despite her illness, Stella remains positive, adheres to her medical treatments, and strives not to burden her parents with grief. Her encounter with Will Newman—a more pessimistic patient—further shapes her understanding of life, resilience, and self-compassion. The study applies Snyder’s framework of optimism as cited in Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence, identifying five core optimism values: having expectations for recovery, persistence, self-motivation, self-confidence, and resilience. The findings reveal that Stella most strongly embodies the values of maintaining high expectations for recovery and demonstrating high self-confidence. These aspects underline the novel’s central message of hope, perseverance, and emotional strength in the face of suffering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syafna Ananda, M Manugeren
PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH CUISINE: SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF NASI HADAP-HADAPAN IN MALAY WEDDINGS IN TANJUNG BALAI
Food plays a pivotal role in the construction of cultural identity and the preservation of intangible heritage across societies. This study explores the symbolic meanings embedded in the Nasi Hadap-Hadapan tradition, a central element in Malay wedding rituals in Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra. The practice of Nasi Hadap-Hadapan—a ceremonial meal shared by the bride, groom, and their families—represents not only a social gathering but also a transmission of philosophical values and cultural wisdom. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through interviews with cultural practitioners, community elders, and government officials, complemented by participant observation. The findings reveal that each component of the food—such as rice, ayam masak bulat (whole chicken), assorted cakes, sweets, and vegetables—carries symbolic meanings that reflect prosperity, harmony, perseverance, and readiness for married life. Despite its deep cultural significance, the tradition is increasingly perceived as a form of entertainment rather than a sacred practice, largely due to modernization and diminishing intergenerational knowledge. This article argues that revitalizing and contextualizing Nasi Hadap-Hadapan is essential for safeguarding Malay intangible heritage while reinforcing social cohesion in multicultural Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Ramadhani Lubis, Purwarno Purwarno, Zulfan Sahri, Andang Suhendi
UNMASKING THE ANTAGONIST: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOPATHY IN JAMES PATTERSON’S FEAR NO EVIL
This study explores the psychological dimensions of antagonism in James Patterson’s novel Fear No Evil, focusing on the construction of the antagonist Matthew Butler as a psychopath. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach and drawing upon Robert Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), the analysis identifies how Butler exhibits core psychopathic traits such as lack of empathy, manipulativeness, impulsivity, and emotional shallowness. Data were collected through close reading and textual analysis, emphasizing the antagonist’s actions, dialogue, and interactions with other characters. The findings reveal that Butler’s characterization is deeply rooted in psychopathic tendencies that serve not only as a narrative device but also as a reflection of broader psychological realities in crime fiction. By integrating psychological theory with literary analysis, this research contributes to the field of literary psychology, offering insights into how contemporary thrillers represent mental disorders and how antagonistic characters function to intensify narrative conflict. The study further underscores the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in understanding the intersection of literature, psychology, and criminology, particularly in examining how fictional psychopaths are constructed in popular culture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitra Andira Wardana, Efendi Barus, Purwarno Purwarno
SOCIAL AWARENESS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S NOVEL THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
This study examines the representation of social awareness in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s novel This Earth of Mankind, using Sheldon’s framework. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, the study identifies three dimensions of social awareness—cognition, social environment, and goals and motives—reflected in the characters of Minke, Nyai Ontosoroh, and Tuan de la Croix. The findings highlight Pramoedya’s critique of colonial social hierarchies and the awakening of native consciousness. Twelve data were collected to support the statement about social awareness and its aspects found in the novel. The results of this study are that there are three aspects of social awareness found in the novel This Earth of Humanity, namely cognition, social environment, and goals and motives. The cognition can be seen through Minke’s character, which is displayed through his disbelief in Astrology and superstition, his good process of absorbing information, and his way of thinking critically about the problems of the indigenous people. The social environment can be seen through social awareness of the backwardness of natives’ behavior and social awareness of native status towards Europeans. Goals and motives can be seen through the goals of Minke and Tuan de la Croix, who wanted to make the natives more advanced and developed, and Nyai Ontosoroh's goals for Annelies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Nadila, Zulfan Sahri
THE PROTAGONIST’S EXPECTATION IN DEWI LESTARI’S PAPER BOAT
Expectation is a positive mental state about the ability to achieve future goals. The Paper Boat novel by Dewi Lestari is one of the literary works that has a positive attitude about expectation. This thesis aims to identify the expectations of the protagonist and how the protagonist achieves her expectations in the Paper Boat novel by Dewi. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method to process and analyze the data. This study explores the way of life and life lessons for a better life goal. The results of this study indicate the expectations of the protagonist pertaining to becoming a writer, making a work, namely a fairy tale book, which includes the hard work and patience seen in the protagonist Kugy, and marrying the person she loves. As for the dominant expectation is the protagonist who really wants to be a writer, because of the optimistic attitude contained in the protagonist, all her expectations come true.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qurratul Ain, Zulfan Sahri
MOOD AND MODALITY IN JAMES RICE’S NOVEL ALICE AND THE FLY
This study analyzes the realization of mood and modality in Detective Sergeant Terrence’s dialogues using Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework. This study aims to analyze mood structure, mood types, and modality contained in detective Sergent Terrence. Alice and the Fly novel by James Rice is about Greg who has Schizophrenia. He falls in love and becomes obsessed. He killed the girl he liked. So detective Sergent Terrence must find out what really happened to him. The data used in this study were from the Alice and the Fly novel by James Rice. This study was written using a descriptive qualitative method. The steps to analyze the data were starting from specifying the data based on the categories that I would analyze. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that the detective uses the mood structure of a finite subject when he communicates with the five characters. Then the use of the interrogative shows the detective wants to know more information about the murder case rather than stating or ordering something. In modality analysis through the use of a modal finite operator and mood adjunct, the results show that the detective tends to use a modal finite operator with low value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Angger Aini, Purwanto Siwi
THE PROTAGONIST’S IMPROPER BEHAVIOR IN TETSUKO KUROYANAGI’S TOTTO-CHAN: THE GIRL AT THE WINDOW
This research aims at uncovering the kinds of improper behavior performed by the protagonist character in the novel “The Girls at the Window” written by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi. This study explores the types and causes of improper behaviors exhibited by the protagonist in Tetsuko Kuroyanagi’s novel, Totto-Chan: The Girl at the Window. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the study identifies behaviors such as classroom disruption, damage to school property, and dishonesty toward parents. He is making a mess in the classroom, damaging school facilities and lying to parents. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. Under qualitative descriptive, this research completes its analysis process and findings by describing and illustrating the data that has been collected. It is by explaining the improper behavior and examples of bad behavior of the protagonist from the data collected from the novel in the forms of quotation. The results of this research are to find out what bad behavior the protagonist does, and the reasons why the protagonist does it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umi Syahara Mahbubah, Zulfan Sahri
THE EFFORTS TO SURVIVE IN RACHAEL LIPPINCOTT’S NOVEL FIVE FEET APART
This study analyzed the protagonist’s survival efforts and their psychological impacts in Rachael Lippincott’s Five Feet Apart. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research identified five key forms of survival efforts—therapy, yoga, medication, digital self-expression, and surgery—and their impacts on resilience and recovery. This study adopts qualitative method to acquire and describe the data about the main character’s efforts to survive. The discussion is divided into two topics concerned to the aspects of the analysis. The first is focused on efforts to survive of the main character then the second is about the impacts of efforts to survive of the main character. There are five efforts to survive in the novel. They are: doing therapy, doing yoga, taking medicine, creating a YouTube account, and doing surgery; The impact of effort to survive are: to relieve her breathing naturally, to increase endurance and make recovery faster and to have a good life expectancy
Copyright (c) 2025 Dita Chairunnisa, Asnani Asnani
PATTERNS AND AWARENESS OF CODE-MIXING AMONG INDONESIAN YOUTHS IN AN ENGLISH-SPEAKING COMMUNITY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This qualitative study investigates the patterns and underlying factors of code-mixing (CM) among Indonesian youths in Aaron's English-Speaking Club, a community dedicated to practicing English in Medan, Indonesia. Employing a grounded theory approach by Charmaz (2016), the research involved in-depth interviews with ten club members, selected via probability sampling. The conversations were analyzed to quantify the frequency of CM (the insertion of Indonesian words into English discourse) and to identify the sociolinguistic factors influencing this phenomenon using the framework of Holmes (1992). Findings reveal that all participants engaged in CM, with percentages ranging from 0.52% to 24.34% of their total words. The analysis indicates that CM is not an indicator of low proficiency but a strategic, communicative resource. Key factors influencing CM included occupation, cultural attitude, and regional background. Notably, participants were initially unaware of the linguistic concepts of CM and code-switching (CS), but upon explanation, all identified more strongly with CM than CS in their typical language use. The study concludes that CM is a natural and prevalent feature of bilingual communication among these youths, reflecting their dynamic linguistic identity and the specific social context of their English practice community. It recommends increased metalinguistic awareness to empower speakers in their bilingual journey.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riziq Prio Alfarras, Purwanto Siwi
DEPRESSION, GENDER AND PATRIARCHY: A PSYCHOLOGICAL READING OF THE PROTAGONIST IN CHO NAM-JOO’S KIM JI-YEONG, BORN 1982
This article investigates the forms and causes of depression experienced by the protagonist in Cho Nam-Joo’s novel Kim Ji-Yeong, Born 1982, situating the narrative within the intersection of psychology, gender studies, and feminist literary criticism. Drawing on Bhowmik et al.’s (2012) framework of depression, the study applies a qualitative descriptive method to examine the protagonist’s psychological decline, which unfolds through three stages: baby blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis. Textual analysis reveals that Ji-Yeong’s condition is triggered by sleep disturbances, stressful life events, and the forced resignation from her professional career. These immediate causes, however, are embedded within broader patriarchal structures that regulate women’s identities and diminish their autonomy. The findings underscore that Ji-Yeong’s depression is not merely an individual pathology but a cultural and political condition shaped by systemic gender inequality. The novel dramatizes how patriarchal surveillance, misogyny, and intergenerational trauma exacerbate women’s mental health struggles. By portraying Ji-Yeong’s breakdown as both personal and collective, Cho Nam-Joo transforms literature into a form of feminist critique. This article contributes to literary psychology by demonstrating how fiction can illuminate the sociocultural dimensions of depression, offering insights that extend beyond psychiatry into the realm of social justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andang Suhendi, Yaumil Titi Faila Lubis, Zulfan Sahri
A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE MEANING IN BOB MARLEY’S SONG LYRICS
This study explores the cognitive meanings in Bob Marley’s selected songs—One Love, Three Little Birds, and Could You Be Loved—through a semantic approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, it identifies meaning relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy within the lyrics. Findings reveal that Marley’s songs embody profound cognitive meanings, reflecting human experience, social values, and the struggle for justice. His poetic and symbolic language communicates universal messages of peace, solidarity, and resilience. The study demonstrates how cognitive semantics can illuminate the intersection of language, music, and social consciousness. Through a qualitative descriptive method and semantic analysis, the study identifies various meaning relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy that are embedded within the lyrics. Findings reveal that Marley’s songs embody profound cognitive meanings, reflecting human experience, social values, and the struggle for justice. His poetic and symbolic language communicates universal messages of peace, solidarity, and resilience. The study demonstrates how cognitive semantics can illuminate the intersection of language, music, and social consciousness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Andini Tanjung, Asnani Asnani
GUILT IN JEFF ZENTNER’S NOVEL GOODBYE DAYS
This study presents a psychological analysis of guilt and the journey toward self-redemption as depicted in Jeff Zentner's novel, Goodbye Days. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the research meticulously examines the psychological turmoil of the protagonist, Carver Briggs, who is consumed by guilt after a tragic accident claims the lives of his three best friends—an accident he believes he caused by sending a text message. The analysis is framed within Bruce Narramore's theoretical framework on guilt, exploring its objective and subjective categories, including fear of punishment, loss of self-esteem, and feelings of isolation. The findings reveal the profound manifestations of Carver's guilt, which materialize through somatic complaints such as panic attacks, a depressed mood, self-condemnation, and acts of self-punishment. The study concludes that Zentner’s narrative portrays guilt not merely as a destructive force but as a complex and transformative psychological process. Ultimately, the novel illustrates that the path to recovery and self-forgiveness is arduous, requiring the individual to confront their pain and make peace with themselves before achieving redemption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Desriani Caniago, Muhammad Fatih Suhadi
AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH SUFFIXES IN TIME MAGAZINE’S THE END OF CASH
This study examines derivational and inflectional suffixes in Time Magazine’s article The End of Cash. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on Sugiyono (2013) and Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams (2010), the analysis identifies the types and frequencies of English suffixes in the text. The findings reveal 94 occurrences: 66 inflectional and 28 derivational suffixes. The most frequent inflectional suffixes are the plural -s and the progressive -ing, while the most common derivational processes include verb-to-noun and adjective-to-adverb transformations. Both of these types are the category of inflection which was found each of them as many as 21 words. While the the most frequent type of derivation is verb to noun and adjective to adverb. It was found each of them in 8 words using derivational suffixes -or, -sion, -ally, -or, -y, -ly, -ment, and-ist. The findings reveal 94 occurrences: 66 inflectional and 28 derivational suffixes. The most frequent inflectional suffixes are the plural -s and the progressive -ing, while the most common derivational processes include verb-to-noun and adjective-to-adverb transformations. These findings contribute to morphological studies by demonstrating how affixation operates in journalistic English and how it supports vocabulary development for EFL learners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasha Alifia, Safitri Hariani
DARK TRIAD PERSONALITY IN EKA KURNIAWAN’S NOVEL LELAKI HARIMAU
This study analyzes the Dark Triad personality in Margio’s character in Eka Kurniawan’s novel Lelaki Harimau. Employing a descriptive qualitative methodology with document analysis, this research systematically examines the intricate manifestations of Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy within the protagonist's psychological profile and investigates how this specific personality configuration fundamentally drives the narrative trajectory. The findings demonstrate that Margio exhibits a pronounced and comprehensive constellation of all three dark personality traits: strategic manipulation and social duplicity characteristic of Machiavellianism, grandiose self-concept and supernatural tiger spirit belief reflective of Narcissism, and impulsive aggression coupled with complete absence of remorse indicative of Psychopathy. These traits operate synergistically rather than in isolation - his Machiavellian cunning enables the violence, his Psychopathic affect permits its execution without emotional consequence, and his Narcissistic grandiosity provides psychological justification for his actions. The study concludes that Margio represents a compelling literary representation of the Dark Triad personality, developed through traumatic environmental circumstances and childhood adversity. This research contributes significantly to psychological literary criticism within Indonesian fiction by providing a nuanced framework for understanding complex character motivations and the psychological underpinnings of literary violence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pardi Pardi, Trisya Sonia
MANIFESTATIONS OF PATIENCE IN WINSTON GROOM’S FORREST GUMP: A LITERARY PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY BASED ON SZUTTA’S MODEL
This study examines the manifestation of patience as a moral virtue in Winston Groom's novel Forrest Gump through Szutta's (2020) theoretical framework of patience competence. Using qualitative methodology with descriptive analysis, this research investigates how the protagonist exemplifies patience through two core characteristics: perseverance and sincerity. The findings reveal that Forrest's perseverance manifests as sustained determination in overcoming life challenges, particularly evidenced in his shrimp business venture where he persists despite initial failures. Simultaneously, his sincerity appears through selfless actions and unconditional assistance without expectation of reward. The analysis demonstrates that patience in Forrest Gump represents not passive endurance but active competence - a strategic virtue enabling him to navigate bullying, personal loss, and social prejudice while maintaining moral integrity. The integration of perseverance and sincerity transforms his perceived intellectual limitations into extraordinary resilience, positioning patience as a transformative force in human experience. This study contributes to literary psychology by illustrating how virtue theory can illuminate character development while affirming literature's capacity to reflect complex psychological realities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pardi Pardi, Tri Hartika
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN KEY CHARACTERS IN GILLIAN FLYNN’S GONE GIRL
Gone Girl, a novel by Gillian Flynn, explores the intense psychological and emotional conflict between a married couple, Amy and Nick Dunne. Amy desires love and loyalty but is devastated by Nick’s betrayal. Meanwhile, Nick, who is obsessed with emulating his father, fails to express love to Amy and instead engages in an affair, leading to suspicion when Amy suddenly disappears. Amy’s uncontrollable ego drives her to fake her own death and frame Nick for murder as a form of social punishment. The story unfolds through public suspicion, legal investigation, and emotional turmoil. This study applies Cascio’s theory of conflict to examine the types and dynamics of internal and external conflicts experienced by the main characters. The study also aims to identify the negative impacts resulting from these conflicts. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research analyzes how internal conflict (man versus self) and external conflict (man versus man, society, and fate) shape the narrative. Amy’s psychological need for validation and her manipulative actions lead her to deep guilt and emotional suffering. Nick, on the other hand, experiences social rejection, emotional stress, and job loss after being falsely accused. These conflicts result in significant behavioral changes and deteriorating mental, physical, and social well-being. The novel reveals how unresolved personal and relational conflicts can escalate into destructive outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Amalia, Efendi Barus, Muhammad Ali Pawiro
PRESUPPOSITIONS IN JOSEPHINE’S UTTERANCES IN LOUISA MAY ALCOTT’S LITTLE WOMEN
This research explores the use of presuppositions by Josephine March, the main character in Little Women, a novel written by Louisa May Alcott. The objectives of this study are to describe the types of presuppositions employed by Josephine and to interpret the implied meanings within her utterances throughout the novel. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative method and applies George Yule’s classification of presuppositions, which includes six types: existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counterfactual. The data were collected from selected dialogues spoken by Josephine in the novel. All six types of presuppositions were identified, with the following distribution: existential (29%), factive (23%), lexical (14%), structural (17%), non-factive (8.5%), and counterfactual (8.5%). The findings indicate that existential and factive presuppositions are the most frequently used, reflecting Josephine’s dynamic environment, strong personality, emotional depth, and complex relationships with others. Her language reveals her values, inner conflicts, and character development. This study demonstrates that presuppositions play a vital role in literary character portrayal and deepen the reader’s understanding of the narrative. The implied meanings within Josephine’s utterances are interpreted through contextual analysis, as context is a crucial element in pragmatic studies. The conversational context in Little Women is analyzed based on four key factors: (1) participants, (2) setting or social context, (3) topic of conversation, and (4) function of the interaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sazidah Lubis, Jumino Suhadi, Ely Ezir
CHARACTER AND THE STRUGGLE FOR IVILIZATION IN WILLIAM GOLDING'S LORD OF THE FLIES
William Golding's Lord of the Flies (1954) presents a profound exploration of human nature under duress, centering on the collapse of social order and the descent into primal savagery. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to conduct a character analysis of the novel's protagonist, Ralph, focusing on the intrinsic qualities that define his struggle for survival and the preservation of civilization. Through a close reading of the text, this paper identifies and examines four cardinal traits—leadership, charisma, organizational prowess, and civility—that constitute Ralph's character. The analysis demonstrates that these traits are not merely descriptive but are the fundamental engines of his resistance against the antagonistic force, represented by Jack, which embodies chaos and violence. The findings reveal that Ralph's struggle is multifaceted: it is a physical battle for survival, a psychological fight against despair, and an ideological conflict for the soul of the community. Ultimately, this paper argues that Ralph's characterization serves as Golding's central argument for the fragility of civilization, which must be consciously and courageously upheld through rational principles, democratic leadership, and moral fortitude, even in the face of overwhelming barbarism. His survival is a testament to the resilience of these values.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mai Miranda, Sri Wulan
FEMALE RIVALRY IN ELENA FERRANTE’S MY BRILLIANT FRIEND: A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
This study analyzes the phenomenon of female rivalry in Elena Ferrante’s My Brilliant Friend, focusing on the complex relationship between the two protagonists, Elena “Lenu” Greco and Raffaella “Lila” Cerullo. Employing a qualitative descriptive method and the sociology of literature approach, the research explores both the contents and underlying factors of their rivalry. Data were collected through close reading and analyzed based on theoretical frameworks concerning female competition. The findings reveal that the rivalry between Lenu and Lila centers on three main dimensions: attractiveness, encompassing Lila’s intellectual brilliance and magnetic personality; beauty and physical appearance, which create deep insecurities for Lenu; and similarity of interests, particularly their shared passion for learning and recognition. These dynamics are further intensified by two driving factors: competition for male attention and Lenu’s persistent lack of self-confidence. The study concludes that female rivalry, even within a deep friendship, functions as both a source of motivation and emotional struggle, reflecting broader societal expectations surrounding women’s beauty, intellect, and desirability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Dwi Lestari, Devi Pratiwy
FORGIVENESS AS A PATHWAY TO TRAUMA HEALING: A NARRATIVE EXAMINATION OF COLLEEN HOOVER’S REMINDERS OF HIM
This study examines the role of forgiveness in the trauma healing process as portrayed in Colleen Hoover’s Reminders of Him. Focusing on the main character, Kenna Rowan, it explores how she experiences emotional trauma and how forgiveness facilitates her recovery. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a psychological approach, the analysis applies Worthington’s model of decisional and emotional forgiveness and Enright’s Four-Phase Model of Forgiveness to identify the stages of healing depicted in the narrative. The findings reveal that Kenna exhibits symptoms of psychological trauma, including anxiety, guilt, avoidance, flashbacks, and difficulty maintaining relationships. The study identifies two types of forgiveness—decisional, a conscious choice to forgive, and emotional, a deeper emotional release—and demonstrates how Kenna’s journey reflects the four phases of forgiveness: uncovering, decision, work, and deepening. Through self-reflection, acceptance, and social support, she achieves self-forgiveness and re-establishes connections with her daughter and others. The research concludes that forgiveness is a key factor in emotional recovery and that literature can serve as a valuable medium for understanding psychological healing and personal growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rindiani Azzahra, Purwanto Siwi, Rahmawati Rahmawati
NARRATING LOCAL WISDOM IN ANDREA HIRATA’S GURU AINI: A CULTURAL STUDY THROUGH THE SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE THEORY
This study explores local wisdom in Andrea Hirata’s novel Guru Aini using a qualitative descriptive method supported by the Sociology of Literature approach and Indigenous Knowledge Theory. The research focuses on identifying and analyzing five core values of Indonesian local wisdom portrayed in the novel: mutual cooperation (gotong royong), respect for elders, simple lifestyle, love for family, and preservation of cultural traditions. These values are explored through the characters, setting, plot, and dialogue, all of which reflect the socio-cultural life of the Belitung community. The primary data source is the 2020 edition of Guru Aini, complemented by scholarly references from previous studies. The findings clearly show that all five values of local wisdom are consistently and meaningfully present throughout the novel. Each value is embedded not only in the actions and attitudes of the characters but also in the social interactions and traditions depicted in the narrative. Thus, the novel serves both as a literary text and a cultural repository, offering insight into Indonesia’s traditional knowledge systems. This research concludes that literature, particularly novels like Guru Aini, can be a powerful medium for preserving cultural identity and transmitting ethical values. The findings demonstrate that Guru Aini portrays five values of Indonesian local wisdom through narrative structure and characterization, reinforcing literature’s role as a cultural repository and educational tool for character development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asriani Asriani, M Manugeren
INTEGRATING LOCAL WISDOM AND CHARACTER VALUES IN DIGITAL MATERIALS FOR RECEPTIVE ORAL LANGUAGE SKILLS
This study aimed to develop digital learning materials that integrate local wisdom and character education for the Receptive Oral Language Skills course in the English Education Study Program at Universitas Negeri Medan. Using a Research and Development (R&D) model, the study followed several stages: preliminary study, needs analysis, material design, expert validation, revision, and final product development. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and expert evaluation forms, and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to assess the materials’ quality and feasibility. The developed digital materials were designed to enhance students’ receptive oral skills while embedding character values and local cultural elements from North Sumatra. Expert validation, conducted by specialists in English education, instructional media, and local culture, evaluated linguistic quality, learning process, content integration, and digital design. The results showed an overall score of 91.75%, categorized as “very good.” The final product is a set of digital learning materials that combine cultural relevance, character education, and interactive features to support meaningful learning in Receptive Oral Language Skills. The findings imply that integrating local wisdom and character values into digital learning resources can not only enhance language comprehension but also foster students’ cultural awareness, moral development, and appreciation of local identity. This approach offers a model for culturally responsive and value-oriented language instruction in higher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christine Helena Natalia, Tiarnita Maria Sarjani Br. Siregar, Anni Holila Pulungan, Yuni Khairina, Khairunnisa Br. Batubara
INTEGRATING DUOLINGO ENGLISH TEST (FREE PRACTICE) IN EFL SPEAKING INSTRUCTION: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
English speaking ability, a primary competency for English Education students, is often hindered by limited practice, lack of confidence, and minimal independent learning media. This study investigates the effectiveness of the Duolingo English Test (Free Practice) platform as a digital learning medium within the Receptive Oral Language Skills course to enhance students' English speaking abilities. This study uses a quantitative approach with a one-group quasi-experimental design, involving a pre-test and post-test to measure improvement before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of routine practice using the Duolingo platform and supplementary materials from the "Teacher Luke" YouTube channel. Quantitative data from test scores were analyzed using a paired sample t-test, while qualitative data from questionnaires were used to explore student perceptions. The results of this study are expected to provide an effective, flexible learning solution suited for students in the digital era. The conclusion indicates that the strategic use of digital media like the Duolingo English Test can be encouraged in speaking skills instruction at the university level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edward Johannes Tumanggor, Puan Suri Mira Annisa, T. Mira Syahputri, Emia Ninta Br. Bangun, Dwi Mas Arsita, Anastasya Bela Pertiwi Tambunan
KARO DIALECTAL VARIATION IN TANAH KARO: A LEXICAL AND PHONOLOGICAL SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Language holds the memory of a community and shapes how people understand themselves, their landscape, and their cultural belonging. This study investigates dialectal variation in the Karo language of Tanah Karo, North Sumatra, through a lexical and phonological sociolinguistic framework. Using a descriptive qualitative design supported by dialectological procedures, the research analyzes 200 Swadesh-based lexical items and natural speech data collected from six native speakers representing three major dialect regions: Julu (Tigapanah), Teruh Deleng (Tiganderket), and Singalor Lau (Tigabinanga). Structured interviews, direct observation, and audio-recorded elicitation sessions formed the basis of the dataset. Findings show that while the dialects remain mutually intelligible, they exhibit systematic micro-variations in vowel realization, lexical selection, and morphophonemic structure. Tigabinanga displays the most consistent vowel fronting and several unique lexical items, whereas Tigapanah and Tiganderket share closer phonological and lexical affinities. These patterns reflect the influence of geographical separation, inter-village communication, and long-standing cultural identity. The study contributes to the documentation of Indonesia’s regional languages and underscores the importance of preserving dialectal diversity. Further research using acoustic phonetics or quantitative dialectometry is recommended to deepen the understanding of phonological distance within the Karo speech community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sukutenta Br Sembiring, Efendi Barus, Ely Ezir
NAVIGATING HUMAN RESILIENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LIFE STRUGGLES IN DANIELLE STEEL’S ZOYA
This study explores the multidimensional nature of human resilience as portrayed in Danielle Steel’s novel Zoya, focusing on the protagonist’s psychological and sociological transformation amid historical upheaval. Employing Braun and Isaac’s (1979) tripartite model of life struggle—conflict with self, others, and the environment—and integrating Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of needs alongside Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the research analyzes how Zoya navigates personal trauma, intergenerational tension, and socio-political displacement. Set against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution and global migrations of the 20th century, Zoya’s journey from aristocratic exile to self-reliant immigrant underscores the interplay of intrinsic motivation—such as identity reconstruction and emotional autonomy—and extrinsic forces like war, poverty, and social change. Through qualitative literary analysis, the study uncovers how Zoya redefines dignity, agency, and meaning across shifting cultural landscapes. The findings suggest that Steel’s narrative transcends conventional romance, offering a compelling literary case study of adaptive resilience. By merging literary analysis with psychological and sociological theory, this article contributes to broader interdisciplinary discourses on trauma, survival, and the evolving female bildungsroman. Zoya’s evolution serves not only as a fictional reflection of resilience but also as a universal narrative of human tenacity amid crisis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nana Dewi Puspita, Devi Pratiwy, Pardi Pardi