THE TRANSLATION OF PHRASAL VERBS IN THIRTEEN REASONS WHY

The form of a phrasal verb may be the same but they bear different meanings in accordance with the context of situation. The dynamics of language also influence the change of phrasal verb meanings. This paper presents the problems faced by the translator in translating several phrasal verbs in the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by applying the theory of Ghazala in which it is stated that phrasal verbs are linked with the lexical problems and stylistics. Lexical problems coccur when a word, a phrase or an expression is not understood clearly and directly, misunderstood, not known at all to translators, or not found in standard dictionaries, while stylistic problems, righty seen as a part of meaning strongly affect  the style of source language posing problems for the translator as the styles of the ST and TT could not  be easily adjusted to similarity.  The data in the forms of phrasal verbs are taken from the source language and in the target language, supported by the descriptive qualitative method. The results of show that the problems in translating the phrasal verbs in the novel lie in lexical words (literal meaning, synonymy, polysemy, and idiom) and stylistics (formality and informality of language) 


Introduction
Translation is a process where there is translator who translates a material from the source language to the target language. In translating a text, a translator has to find the equivalent meaning to the context and culture. Larson (1984:3) states that basically, translation involves studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and it is cultural context. When discussing language, Snell-Hornby (1995) states that every language has it is own structure which may consist of many units such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Those units can still be classified into the most specific parts of speech, gerund, idiomatic expression, phrasal verb, and so on. According to Azar (1989, p. A26), "The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and preposition which together have a special meaning." This means that a phrasal verb has a different meaning with the independent verb and the independent proposition that build the phrasal verb. Phrasal verb is one of the problematic factors in translating a novel.
In some cases, some phrasal verbs have correct equivalence meaning based on the meaning of the verb and its particle collocate it. This paper shares the findings of a research Nationally Accredited and indexed in DOAJ about the translation of phrasal verb in a novel. In order to study of the phrasal verb, the writer chooses a novel entitled Thirteen Reasons Why written in 2007 by Asher.

Literature Review
Since no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, translation, which aims at conveying a message from the SL into the TL, is often accompanied by many linguistic problems: lexical, syntactic, semantic and stylistic. Out of these four, only two are taken to be the points of discussion: lexical and stylistic problems. The lexical problem any translator faces is to have many vocabularies in the SL with no direct counterparts in the TL. In this case, the SL word meaning can be conveyed relying on another TL word having the same function. (Ghazal: 1995).
Lexical words cover literal meaning, synonymy, polysemy, and idiom as well as phrasal verbs. Literal meaning is the most obvious or non-figurative sense of a word or words. Synonyms are the semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words with closely related meanings. It should be noted that the idea of 'sameness of meaning used in discussing synonymy is not necessarily total sameness. A polysemy is a word or symbol that has more than one meaning. In order to be considered a polysemy, a word has to have separate meanings that can be different, but related to one another. The meanings and the words must have the same spelling and pronunciation and they must have the same origin. An idiom is a group of words established by usage that has a meaning not necessarily deductible from those of the individual words. Phrasal verbs are phrases that indicate actions. They are generally used in spoken English and informal texts (Michael & Felicity: 2004).
Stylistics, another translation problem is concerned with the study of the devices in languages such as rheotical figures and syntactical patterns that are considered to produce expressive or literary style, aiming to account for how texts project meaning, how readers construct meaning and why readers respond to texts in the way that they do. (Fowler: 1996)

Research Method
The research employs a descriptive qualitative method. Bogdan and Biklen (1982) state that qualitative research is descriptive, in which the data are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The steps in analyzing the data are; identifying five phrasal verbs from 16 chapters of Thirteen Reasons Why novel, finding out the problems faced by the translator in translating the phrasal verbs by Ghazala's theory (1995) and concluding the findings based on the data. In translation cases, the translator usually gets a problem when translating text from the source language into the target language especially in translating phrasal verbs. Some of the problems that the translator faces in translating phrasal verbs are also found in translating Thirteen Reasons Why by referring to the theory of Ghazala (1995). According to Ghazala (1995), there are four problems in translation:

Phonological Problems
Phonological problems are problems concerned with sounds, usually found when translating poetry. There are no phonological problems in translating those phrasal verbs in this research because the source is a novel.

Lexical Problem 4.2.1 Literal Meaning
The problem in literal meaning is when the translator could not find the meaning in the target language. In this research, there is one case, which has this problem in the data number 39.
The phrasal verb on the data above, sit-up translated directly by the translator into sit-up. There is no similar meaning of sit-up in the Indonesian language.

Synonyms
Synonyms are problematic because those words have a similar meaning. The writer finds some of the data in this research having similar meaning to each other. Synonymy poses problems concerning the difference between the levels of closeness or absolute identification of the meanings (Ghazala, 1995 (2009) there are several synonyms for look over and one of them is to figure out. Look over means to quickly examine something whereas figure out means to understand or solve something. Here, the translator finds the synonymy problem when translating the phrasal verb look over and figure out. Look over has the closeness meaning with figure out; to execute or to check something to understand. Therefore, melihat is used as the translation of look over and kuceritakan as the translation of figure out.

Polysemy
Polysemy is a problem when there is more than one meaning for a phrasal verb. In this case, a similar phrasal verb picked up is found. The problem is whether it has another meaning. Picked up has some translations such as mengambil, meletakkan, menaruh, and membeli. In the first data, the translator uses mengambil but in the second data, she uses membeli. The translator chooses membeli in the second data because it is a word that has the equivalence of the text. Here, the translator solves the problem by choosing the meaning of the phrasal verb to pick up according to the context of the text. In the phrasal verb figure out, the problem is similar to the data before. This phrasal verb is translated into three different ways kuceritakan, memikirkan, mengira-ngira. The next problem faced by the translator is to choose the best translation of figure out for three sentences. The translator faces the problem to decide the translation of looks out in the target language. In Indonesian language looks out is an activity done by the eyes. The phrasal verb looks out bears the meanings as in the third data above; as memandang, melihat, menatap. All the translations of looks out are the activities of the eyes. The translator solves the problem by choosing the best meaning of looks out according to the context needed.

Idioms
The problem with idioms when translating phrasal verbs means that phrases, which have form and special meaning, cannot be known from the direct meaning of their words. In this case, the idiom problem occurs in data number 52 for the phrasal verb get up. berpura-pura mabuk, membentur-benturkan badannya kepadaku agar aku dan Clay pergi dari sofa.
In the data above, the phrasal verb get up is not translated into the direct meaning in Indonesian language bangun. It is the problem of idioms in this data faced by the translator. In the source language, the words get up and leave are used. Consequently, the translator uses the word pergi to describe get up and leave.

Stylistics Problem
In stylistic problems, it is about formality and informality of language. The data of this research are mostly translated into a formal language. The researcher only finds one phrasal verb, translated informally as shown below. Both of the data above are translated as the phrasal verb look up into mendongak. The word mendongak in Indonesian is not usually used in daily life. The translator faces this problem and uses the word mendongak to adhere to the context of the text. The translator chooses mendongak than the other words even though the words sound informal as the meaning of that word could be found in the dictionary.

Grammatical problem
The structures of grammar in both Indonesian and English are different. Grammatical problems are not an issue when translating the phrasal verbs in the novel. In Indonesian language, there is no phrasal verb. Thus, the translator translates those phrasal verbs according to the context without translating the whole phrasal verbs.

Conclusion
Translation demands a deep understanding of both grammar and culture. Translators need to know the rules of a language as well as the habits of the people who speak it. And even for the most experienced professionals, confusion and frustration are familiar feelings. Every language sits inside a defined structure with its own agreed upon rules. The complexity and singularity of this framework directly correlates to the difficulty of translation. As a result, translators frequently have to add, remove, and rearrange source words to effectively communicate in the target language. Various problems arise in translation works covering lexical words, structure, idioms, compound words as well as phrasal verbs and the points of discussion in this study are concerned with lexical and stylistic problems. Several lexical problems are found in translating this novel, they were ; literal meaning problem (1 phrasal verb), synonymy problem (2 phrasal verbs), polysemy problem (4 phrasal verbs), and idiom problem (1 phrasal verb). For stylistic problem (1 phrasal verb). The phonological problem and grammatical problem are not found in translating the phrasal verbs in the novel.