DIATHESIS IN SILADANG LANGUAGE

This paper is to reveal diathesis in Siladang language. Diathesis is a grammatical category that shows the relationship between the participant or subject and the action stated by the verb in the clause. In general, the languages of the world have an active-passive diathesis strategy. This research applies the theory of diathesis proposed by Lyon and adopts descriptive qualitative method in which comparative and inductive treatments are made to the collected data through phenomenological approach. The data (Siladang language) are collected from 2223 informants (native speakers of Siladang language) who live in Sipaga-paga Village and 2006 informants who live in Aek Banir Village. Then, the data are classified based on the language features in universal language empirically. This research shows that Sialdang language has an active-passive diathesis which is one of the important characteristics in an accusative typological language. Apart from having an active-passive diathesis, Siladang language also has a medial diathesis.


Introduction
Siladang language is a language used by Siladang tribe inhabiting the northern area of Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra. Geographically, the Siladang community lives in the hilly valley of Tor Sihite, called Sipaga-paga village and AekBanir Village. The special aspect of linguistic discussed in this research is diathesis. In syntactic typology, Siladang language belongs to a language that has SVO pattern in sentence. This canonical SVO pattern reflects the active voice pattern emphasizing the perpetrator or agent more that the patient.
Siladang language is of a syntactically accusative type. Based on the description above, the language of Siladang has an accusative typology which has an active-passive diathesis. Syntax construction with active diathesis contained in the Siladang language is the basic (basic form). Meanwhile, syntactic construction with passive diathesis is a derivative construction (derivative form). The following examples illustrate the constructions with active and passive diathesis of the Siladang language.
(1) Oku mamokol loki-loki i 1SG ACT-hit man DEF 'I hit the man' Diathesis in Siladang Language, Purwanto Siwi, Susi Ekalestari https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/languageliteracy 180 Nationally Accredited and indexed in DOAJ and Copernicus (2) Anjeng idi-sipɔk bɔpɔk Dog DEFPAS-kick father 'The dog was kicked by the father' The example of clause (1) describes the syntactic construction of the Siladang language which has active and passive diathesis. As explained above, the difference between activepassive diathesis refers to semantic contradiction so that the two clause examples are categorized as constructions with active diathesis because the subject of the two clauses, namely oku 'I' in clause (1) and bɔpɔk'father'in the clause (2) act as an insigator and influence other participants, namely the 'male' loci in clause (1) and the dog i 'the dog' in clause (2).

Literature Review
According to Lyons (1987: 371-373;Jufrizal 2004: 359) the term diathesis comes from Greek, which means "state", "arrangement", or "function". While the term voice comes from Latin, which means "tone", or "sound". It is used interchangeably or the same in linguistics to refer to the active-passive dichotomy. As has been stated in the introduction to this study that Siladang language belongs to a language that has an active-passive diathesis so it is seen that Siladang language has an SVO canonical sequence pattern that reflects an active sentence pattern emphasizing the actor or agent more than the patient. Shibatani (1996: 3) states that diathesis (voice) is understood as a mechanism that selects the main syntactic elements, namely the grammatical subject of the basic semantic functions (cases and thematic roles) of the clause. Related to the term diathesis, Kridalaksana (2008: 49) also reveals that diathesis is a grammatical category that shows the relationship between the participant or subject and the actions expressed by the verb in the clause. Shibatani (1996: 3), further, states that in general the languages of the world have a basic diathesis strategy known as active-passive diathesis. The active-passive diathesis conflict refers to the semantic conflict. In active diathesis, the subject acts as an instigator over others or influences others. Conversely, in passive diathesis, the subject is influenced according to the place where the action falls.
Language that has a typology as an accusative language has a passive-active diathesis. Meanwhile, language that has a typology as an ergative language has an ergative and antifan diathesis. Passive diathesis is a diathesis derived from active diathesis. Meanwhile, the anti-passive diathesis is a diathesis derived from ergative diathesis. One example of a language that has an active-passive diathesis is English, which is typologically an accusative language. Meanwhile, Dyirbal language, which is an ergative-typified language, has an ergative diathesis and an anti-fan-derived diathesis.
Regarding passive construction, experts have suggested general features and the process of forming passive constructions are based on passive studies across languages. The characteristics and the process of forming the passive construction can be summarized as follows (Givon, 1990: 566;Foley and Van Valin, Jr. 1994;Dixon, 1994;Palmer, 1994: 16) The process of transitive clauses to form intransitive clauses: a. The object rises or promotes to occupy the subject position. b. Subjects are passed to oblique arguments or they can be omitted or optional. c. Changes occur at the morphological level of verbs to indicate the process of passive construction. d. Syntactically, passive construction is the process of creating a subject. e. Passive is a recycling process (cyclic).

Research Method
Descriptive qualitative is adopted in this research in collecting and analyzing the data. The data are taken from Siladang language (meaningful verbal language uttered naturally, accepted, and understood by the native speakers) obtained from 4229 native informants of Siladang language speakers. The informants are from two villages; Sipaga-paga and Aek Banir villages. Therefore, the instruments used in this research is interview. The data are then analyzed by comparing and inducing the language features by using phenomenological approach empirically. As said by Van Valin andLa Polla (1999. 2002:3) the linguistic research is aimed at describing the language phenomena related to individual language or universal language.

Passive Diathesis in Siladang Language
Siladang language is a language that has a syntactic accusative typology, so that the Siladang language recognizes active-passive diathesis. An active diathesis sentence is a basic sentence with a passive diathesis in a derivative sentence. According to Chung in Li in Travis (2007), Indonesian according to some experts is considered to have two types of passive, namely passive canonical, for example "Books are read by Ali" and passive which has a surface shape as an object for example "Ali I hit ". Meanwhile, according to Kridalaksana (2008: 49), passive voice is a diathesis which shows that the subject is the goal of the action; for example 'he was hit'. These two types of construction are also found in the Siladang language. In order to facilitate assessment, this part describes and discusses constructions that can be aligned with the passive Indonesian canonical. Canonical passive is original passive or true passive.
The following are the explanation of the behavioral characteristics of passive in Siladang language constructions with respect to each prefix; di-and ta-.

General Passive with Prefixe di-
The passive prefix in the language of Siladang can be attached to all active transitive verbs and can be said to be a passive constituent through subject-demoting passive. Passive with the prefix di-is a general and productive passive in the Siladang language. This passive construction with di-has passive universal characteristics, including: (i) the original clause subject changes its function to become oblique, (ii) the argument of the subject of the nonpassive sentence loses a lot of the characteristics of the pivot behavior, most of which are in passive construction which is not owned by the original object; (iii) the original object in the Semantically, passive construction with prefix implies that the level of intention or volition of the perpetrator is high. Although the agent (actor) which in the derivative construction (passive sentence) is marked by the preposition len'by' may be omitted, its presence in everyday language tends to be preserved, especially if the perpetrator is animate or implied as an act of intent. The following are examples of common passives with the traits outlined above.

RopePAS-spun Prep 1PL
'The rope is spun by us' Passive constructs (1.4), (1.5), and (1.6) are semantically-pragmatically unusual because of the presence of the phrase lensi hasan 'by si Hasan' (1.4), lenpɔlɔdɔng i 'by the farmer' (1.5), and len kəmi ' by us' (1.6) are oblique related actors. Passive speech (1.4), (1.5), and (1.6) are more common without the noun actor present. Thus, the actor with an oblique relationship in passive sentences (FN with the preposition len 'by' in Siladang language) does not need to be present. The presence of actors like this is common in the second type of passive construction (topicalisation) such as this sentence: Hejok kəmi puyu 'Our rope spun'.

Accidental Passive Construction with prefix ta-
The passive prefix ta-can generally be attached to a transitive verb to form a passive sentence. Different from di-prefixes, passive sentences that appear through prefixes with ta-have the characteristic meaning of 'coincidence' or 'accidental'. Therefore, basically the prefix can be added to transitive verbs which require a general or natural actor. Passive speech with prefixta-, basically, does not use the intermediary (animate actor). However, transitive verbs that desire an animator can also be prefixed with ta-to form passive with the meaning 'accidental' or 'chance'. Thus, passive construction with ta-in the Siladang language has a very low level of willingness and volition from the perpetrator.
If the actor is an animate being (an actor with will), then the actor tends to be preserved although it may also be removed in the passive voice with oblique relation to the marker of the preposition len 'by',. In the sentences (1.7) -(1.9), the subject which is the only argument for the derivative intransitive verb (prefix ta-) is affected by the action the verb describes. Meanwhile, the role of the actor Salim in sentence (1.7), oding 'younger brother' in sentence (1.8), and 'Jihan' in sentence (1.9) perform an action that is very low. The perversion of prepositional FN is also possible to hide the role of the perpetrator and to emphasize the meaning of 'coincidence' or accident '.
If the doer is a lifeless or natural being, then the presence of the actor marked by the preposition len 'by' tends to be neglected even though to assert it, may also be maintained. The following are examples of passivity where the culprit is a common or natural noun.
(1.10a) Botu gɔdɔng ma-nimpo umoh i StonebigACT-hithouse DEF 'Big stone hit the house ' (1.10b) Umoh i ta-timpo (len botu gɔdɔng) House DEF PAS-timpa (Prep big rock) 'The house was crushed (by a big rock) ' (1.11a) Opi mam-bɔkɔh lɔdɔng tabu Fire ACT-burn plantationsugarcane 'The fire burns sugar cane plantationsugar cane ' (1.11b) Lɔdɔng tabu ta-bɔkɔh ( len opi) Sugarcane plantation PAS-burn (Prep api) 'Sugarcane plantation burned (by fire) ' The prefix ta-in the Siladang language also carries the meaning of the aspect of 'able' or 'can' along with passive diathesis. The point is that in addition to carrying a passive diathesis, the prefix with ta-also carries the meaning of the aspect of 'able' or 'can'. If the meaning of the aspect of 'able' or 'can' is included to understand a sentence with a verb prefix ta-then the level of willingness or intention of the doer becomes high as well as the inclusion of di-. In this case, the perpetrator is usually an animate creature or a general noun that is considered to have a will. The doer which is marked by the preposition len 'by' is oblique to this type of construction and tends to be maintained, which indicates the intention of the actor. The following are examples that demonstrate this symptom.

Medial Diathesis of Siladang Language
Besides active-passive diathesis between the two diathesis of accusative language, Siladang also has medial diathesis. Related to the medial diathesis, Shibatani (1996: 17) states that, traditionally, the diathesis is a link between (reference) the subject and the action expressed by the verb. Diathesis is a name for verbal construction according to how the construction expresses an action or state with respect to the subject (active diathesis); subject to action (passive diathesis), is influenced by its own actions (medial / reflexive diathesis). In relation to the three basic oppositions of these categories, Shibatani (1996) suggests three forms (constructions) of verbal levels: (i) Active form: the subject as an agent, performs an action that extends to a free entity, namely the patient, influencing the patient so that the patient arrives at a certain state. (ii) Passive form: the subject, the patient is in a certain state as a result of experiencing a change in state caused by the action taken by the agent. (iii) Medial form: the subject performs actions that affect himself so that the subject experiences changes in circumstances.
Related to the medial diathesis, Shibatani (ed) (1996: 31-33) suggests five grammatical features of medial diathesis: (i) The medial diathesis verb denotes a reflexive or reciprocal meaning or activity. (ii) The medial diathesis serves to show the status of beneficiary experienced by the subject for the action. The medial diathesis shows the dual status of the subject, as a source of action and as an entity affected by the action or the place where the influence / action falls. (iii) The disclosure of actions experienced by the object is understood as actions that are within the subject's circle; the object behaves or belongs to the subject itself. (iv) The medial diathesis reveals the character of the subject.The resulting consequences are on the subject itself.
The effect of the action taken by the agent / subject; for good or bad goes straight to the subject.
To observe the grammatical behavior associated with the medial diathesis of the Siladang language, the following are the examples of a verbal construction with a medial diathesis with the dual status of the subject, both function as a source of action and simultaneously as an entity that benefits from the action taken. Data presentation and discussion is based on the theory and characteristics of diathesis proposed by Shibatani Diathesis in Siladang Language, Purwanto Siwi, Susi Ekalestari https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/languageliteracy 186 Nationally Accredited and indexed in DOAJ and Copernicus (1996). In the following, the verbal constructions with medial diathesis in the Siladang language show the dual status of the subject; as a source of action and as a form influenced.
(2.1a) Bahar ma-nyapsap boju Bahar ACT-wash clothes 'Bahar washes clothes' (2.1b) Bahar ma-nyapsap mukonə Bahar ACT-washface-POS3SG 'Bahar washes his face ' Sentence (2.1a) shows a verbal construction where the verb is marked by the prefix maand is an active diathesis marker, while sentence (2.1b) marks verbs with medial diathesis, the subject (agent) performs activities that affect or influence himself. Furthermore, verbal construction with medial diathesis in Siladang can be indicated by the construction of verb of the prefix ma-. This construction is a reflexive construction.
The following are verbal constructions where the verb is marked by the prefix ma-. In sentence (2.3), the prefix occurs in the word matinju 'boxing' which is a morphological marker of active diathesis verbal construction. While the prefix ma-in sentences (2.4) and (2.5), namely is the word ma-bəkbək 'muttering' in sentence (2.4) and the word ma-weigh 'exchanging ideas' in sentence (2.5) are markers for verbal construction with medial diathesis in the Siladang language which show the meaning of reciprocity (mutually reciprocal).  The examples in sentences (2.6a) and (2.7a) above show that verbal constructions whose verbs are marked by the confix ma -...-in the sentence and are morphological markers of active diathesis verbal constructions. Meanwhile, sentence (2.6b) shows a medial diathesis verbal construction where the verb has zero mark, namely mondi 'shower' and sentence (2.7b) shows a medial diathesis verbal construction where the verb is marked with the prefix ba-namely badamai 'to make peace'.
The explanation above shows that the medial deathesis in the Siladang language can be marked morphologically by the prefix ma-, prefix zero, and prefix ba-. In addition, the confix ma-...-an also carries the meaning of reciprocity in the Siladang language. The following examples include verbal constructions with medial diathesis.
(2.8) Sisibudok i masi-vamban-an botu Children DEF MED-throw stone 'The children are throwing stones' (2.9) Kaduə bujing i masi-goyak-an Two girlsDEF MED-scold 'The two girls scold each other ' (2.10) Kəmi tə masi-bonci-an We NEGMED-hate 'We don't hate each other ' The analysis of the medial diathesis shows that Siladang language has grammatical behavior which can be categorized as a language that has a medial diathesis. The prefix main the Siladang language has a role as a verb marker that can mark active and medial diathesis. Meanwhile the prefix ba-in the Siladang language has a role as a verb marker that can mark the active diathesis and the ma -...-confix in the Siladang language has a role as a verb marker that can mark the medial diathesis. In this regard, the grammatical function has various semantic roles. The determination of the semantic roles related to the diathesis of the Siladang language in relation to the prefix depends on the semantic content of the verb which is marked and the pragmatic functions of the sentence concerned. https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/languageliteracy 188 Nationally Accredited and indexed in DOAJ and Copernicus

Construction with Verba Zero: Topicalisation
Previously, it is explained that there are a number of Siladang language verbs that can manifest as basic verbs (without affixes) in basic sentence construction. The number of transitive verbs that can stand without affixes (ma-prefix) in basic sentences is rare. If such a verb is put in the prefix, it is still acceptable. Transitive sentences which are referred to as basic sentences are sentences that have a construction verb with a ma-prefix, which is an active marker prefix. Construction with the zero verb in this section does not mean constructing the basic sentence without the affix. Rather; it is a derivative construction whose verb appears without an affix marker, the verb can appear or stand as a root verb.
The There is a strong belief that Indonesian language has two types of passivity, namely passive canonical and passive, whose birth form is in the form of object pentopic. (3. 3) The book was read by Ali 'Buku itu di-baca oleh Ali'.
(3.4) Ali was hit by that person. 'Ali di-pukul oleh orang itu'. The two examples above are basic passive sentences, called canonical passive. The verb in the sentence is marked by the prefix di-(passive prefix). The following examples are also understood as a type of passive in Indonesian.
(3.5) The book, I read (3.6) Ali, I hit ' Constructions such as (3.5) and (3.6) have a surface form as a topical object. The examining and testing of the grammatical behavior of constructions (3.5) and (3.6) and other forms of choice on the basis of such constructions, show that these constructions are

Conclusion
Based on the study of linguistic typology on linguistic data found in Siladang language, it is found that this language is a syntactically accusative language. The Siladang language recognizes active-passive diathesis. Syntactic constructions with active diathesis are basic constructions, while passive diathesis constructions are derivative constructions. Siladang language recognizes the existence of sentences with passive diathesis, but the discussion of passive construction cannot be based on the theory of linguistic typology so that the nature of behavior and types of passivity in this language have not been broken down in detail. This research tries to reveal and examine the types and traits of passivity in typological Siladang.
The conclusion of this study shows that Siladang language has an active-passive diathesis which is one of the important characteristics in an accusative typological language. Besides having an active-passive diathesis, Siladang language also has a medial diathesis. It is proved by the grammatical behavior of Siladang language which, syntactically, has a grammatical alliance system that treats A the same as S and gives different treatment to P. The grammatical alliance system of the Siladang language is described as follows: Or S = A, ≠ P The grammatical alliance system shows that Siladang language treats A the same as S and differently from P so that Siladang language can be classified as an accusative typology. Siladang language has an active-passive diathesis which is one of the important features of an accusative typology. Besides active-passive diathesis, Siladang language also has medial diathesis.