TRANSITION SIGNALS IN HEADLINE NEWS

This study aimed to analyze the types of transition signals in headline news and the reasons for using transition signals in writing. This study applied a descriptive qualitative design. The sources of the data were three headline news taken from Antaranews.com entitled “Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability ,” the jakartapost.com entitled “ Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but little progress expected” , and 9News.com entitled “ Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali ” published on November 11 th , 2022. The technique of data collection was documentation and the procedures in the the data analysis were 1) reading the headline news, 2) finding the transition signal in headline news, 3) underlining the transition signals in headlines news, 4) classifying the transition signals, 5) counting the total frequencies of transition signals, and 6) finding the reasons of using transition signals in writing. The results showed that the types of transition signals found in the headline news were to indicate addition, time, sample, distinction, and cause and effect, and the most widely used was to indicate addition in each headline news. Moreover, the reasons for using transition signals in headline news were 1) to make the movement of the paragraphs in the text logical and smooth, 2) to strengthen the internal cohesion and coherence in a text, 3) to show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs, and 4) to provide valuable signals to the reader about the relationship between parts of the text.


Introduction
Writing is a complex process that consists of some activities such as setting goals, generating ideas, organizing information, selecting appropriate language, making a draft, reading and reviewing , then revising and editing (Hedge, 2000). Moreover, it is an important part, a reflective exertion that requires enough time to suppose the specific content, dissect, and sect, and to classify any background knowledge. Brown (2004) explains that writing is the most complicated and delicate skill in language skills. It is because there are several rules that have to be learned by scholars similar to spelling, alphabet and punctuation, consonance and association of ideas. Furthermore, a coherent paragraph flows easily from beginning to end by using nouns and pronouns constantly throughout a paragraph, using thought in one sentence with the idea in another sentence and show the relationship between them (Oshima and Hogue, 2007). Moreover, transition markers are mainly conjunctions and adverbial phrases which help readers interpret pragmatic connections between steps in an argument (Hyland, 2005). Furthermore, good writing requires using enough transitional signals to form the relationships among the ideas clearly (Oshima and Hogue, 2007).
Moreover, they are named sentence openers and usually at the start of a sentence or paragraph to relate it to the one preceding it and they can also come within sentences to connect one idea to another within a sentence (Hyland and Anderson, 2013). Then, Lynch and Anderson (2013) classified the sentence openers into six types that supported their function: for addition, showing contrast, showing cause and effect, positive condition, negative condition, and providing time order or listing. Sherma, Slawson, Whitton, and Wiemelt (2010) indicated eleven types of transition words and expressions in the following: 1. Sequence and addition such as subsequently, again, also, and, and also, besides, eventually, ultimately, further, likewise, in addition, initially, likewise, next, or, nor, previously, subsequently, then, too. 2. Time such as latterly, as soon as, at first, ahead, ahead, ultimately, first, first of all, formerly, directly, in time, in turn, subsequently, next, now, previously, soon, simultaneously 3. Cmparison such as likewise, similarly, in comparison 4. Distinction such as although, but, again, despite, indeed, still, in distinction, rather, nevertheless, nor, nonetheless, on the negative, rather, still, whereas, and yet. 5. Samples such as for illustration, for case, for instance, vicelike, particularly, specifically, analogous as, thus, to demonstrate, and illustrate 6. Conclusions or summaries namely as a result, as stated ahead, curtly, consequently, ultimately, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in sum, in summary, therefore, thus, to conclude, and to epitomize. 7. Concession such as admittedly, certainly, naturally, and of course 8. Cause and effect namely as a result, because, accordingly, for, for this reason, hence, else, since, so, thus, and therefore 9. Generalize such as usual, generally, in general, naturally, and generally 10. Paraphrase such as in brief, in substance, in other words, in short, vicelike 11. And a point or idea such as absolutely, after all, always, clearly, surely, emphatically, extremely, ever, in fact, in particular, indeed, naturally, no way, obviously, appreciatively, unexpectedly, incontrovertibly, and without mistrustfulness Stott (1991) mentioned about the reasons for using transition signals in writing such as: 1. To make the movement of the paragraphs in the text logical and smooth. 2. To strengthen the internal cohesion and coherence in a text. 3. To show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs.

Research Design
This study applied the descriptive qualitative method which described an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic forms with words (Creswell, 2007). The writer used the descriptive qualitative design to describe the types of transition signals and the reasons for using transition signals in headline news taken from Antaranews.com, thejakartapost.com, and 9News.com.

Sources of the data
The sources of the data in this study were three headline news taken from Antaranews.com entitled"Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability", thejakartapost.com entitled "Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected", and 9News.com entitled "Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali" published on November 11 th , 2022.

The Data
The data of this study were the sentences consisted of the transition signals taken from Antaranews.com entitled "Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability", thejakartapost.com entitled "Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected", and 9News.com entitled "Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali" published on November 11 th , 2022.

The Technique of Data Collection
This study used document analysis as the instrument of the technique of data collection, and the documents were three headline news taken from Antaranews.com entitled "Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability", thejakartapost.com entitled "Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress

The Technique of Data analysis
The procedures in the technique of data analysis in this study were as follows: 1. to read the headlines news 2. to find the transition signals 3. to underline the transition signals 4. to classify the transition signals 5. to count the total number of transition signals 6. to describe the types of transition signals

Data analysis
The data were taken from sources of the data such as headline news from Antaranews.com entitled Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability, thejakartapost.com entitled Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected', and 9News.com entitled Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali published on November 11 th , 2022. a) Title: "Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability" Antaranews.com Friday, November 11 th , 2022 Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability Jakarta (ANTARA) -President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) has urged ASEAN and China, as comprehensive and strategic partners, to cooperate on maintaining regional stability by ensuring that the impact of global crises does not spread to the region. He delivered the remarks in his opening speech at the 25th ASEAN-China Summit at Sokha Hotel in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on Friday. "The first thing that we have to tackle is food security. With a population of more than two billion, ensuring food availability and accessibility is a formidable task for ASEAN and China. Regional food security is a main priority," he said, according to a written statement received in Jakarta. The region is still susceptible to disruptions of food supplies, he said. For instance, ASEAN, which is one of the biggest wheat and soybean consumers in the world, has spent at least US$61 billion on importing food, he pointed out." I see China has great capacity (to) strengthen food security strategy. We must cooperate in securing supply chains and stabilizing food prices. I hope ASEAN and China will collaborate on ensuring food reserves and the food emergency mechanism in the region, developing food production in the region, and investing in agricultural innovations," Widodo said. He also stressed the importance of maintaining regional financial stability given that the threat of recession poses a great common challenge. Therefore, both sides should respond to the difficult situation by fostering cooperation. "Policy coordination is important. Through policy synergy, we can ensure the most effective step to prevent recession and get early warning and liquidity support," he explained. He further highlighted the significance of encouraging peace and maintaining regional stability. As a large country in the region, China must take responsibility for creating a conducive situation. This can be achieved by building Transition Signals in Headline News, Indah Sari https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/languageliteracy 479 Nationally Accredited SINTA 3, and indexed in DOAJ and Copernicus strategic confidence and respecting international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982."The two matters must serve as our reference for managing rivalry in the region and resolving the South China Sea issue. If we build this, we will be able to create the Indo-Pacific as an epicenter of growth," Widodo stressed.
Data 1: President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) has urged ASEAN and China, as comprehensive and strategic partners, to cooperate on maintaining regional stability by ensuring that theimpact of global crises does not spread to the region. Data 1 used the word "and" as a transition signal of indicating an additionto connecting two equal statements.
Data 2: The first thing that we have to tackle is food security. Data 2 used the word "first" as a transition signal of indicating the time.
Data 3: For instance, ASEAN, which is one of the biggest wheat and soybean consumers in the world, has spent at least US$61 billion on importing food, he pointed out. Data 3 used the word "For instance" as a transition signal of indicating the samples.

Data 4:
Therefore, both sides should respond to the difficult situation by fostering cooperation . Data 4 used the word "Therefore" as a transition signal of indicating the cause and effect.
Data 5: He further highlighted the significance of encouraging peace and maintaining regional stability. Data 5 used the word "further" as a transition signal of indicating the addition.
Data 6: He also stressed the importance of maintaining regional financial stability given that the threat of recession poses a great common challenge. Data 6 used the word "also" as a transition signal of indicating the addition. b) Title: Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected' thejakartapost.com November 11 th , 2022 Myanmar's escalating violence and political gridlock are expected to dominate an ASEAN leaders' summit on Friday, as increasingly frustrated members of the regional bloc struggle to get the country's junta to comply with an agreed peace plan. Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have blamed Myanmar's military rulers for failing to implement the peace plan agreed jointly last year, which includes ending hostilities and allowing access for a special envoy and aid. Political, social and economic chaos have gripped Myanmar since the military overthrew an elected government led by Aung San Suu Kyi last year, led a deadly crackdown on dissidents and unraveled years of reform in the erstwhile fledgling democracy. ASEAN, which has barred junta leaders from its meetings since last year, repeated last week its commitment to the so-called five-point peace consensus, but some members have urged a stronger stance. The foreign ministry of Malaysia, which has by far been the most critical of the junta, said it would be "calling for a more decisive stance by ASEAN" at this week's meeting.
Indonesia's foreign minister last week said the junta, not ASEAN, was squarely responsible for a lack of progress on the peace plan and those recommendations would be made to leaders this week on strengthening its implementation. Members such as Singapore and the Philippines have simply urged dialogue and compliance with the peace plan. The junta has blamed a lack of progress on the pandemic and obstruction from armed resistance movements that it calls terrorists. James Crabtree, Executive Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies-Asia, said ASEAN was struggling to cope with internal divisions over Myanmar and other issues. "Whether it is Cambodia as chair now or Indonesia next year those divisions aren't going to go away, and that is likely to continue to limit the bloc's ability to pressure the junta in Myanmar or respond smartly to rising great power competition," he said. 'Little Progress Expected' The bloc, which has a long-standing tradition of non-interference in members' sovereign affairs, has ruled out Western-style sanctions against Myanmar or expelling it from the 10-member group, even as it condemns increasingly violent actions by the junta such as the recent executions of democracy activists and an air strike that killed 50 civilians.
One Western diplomat who will attend the meeting said that, while the bloc may try to make the Myanmar peace plan more action-oriented, "little progress is expected". Cambodian Prime Minister and current ASEAN chair Hun Sen has repeatedly made overtures to Myanmar's generals in the hope of getting them to cooperate. The efforts have produce "limited achievement", acknowledged Kao Kim Hourn, a senior Cambodian government official and advisor to Hun Sen. But he added: "At the end of the day, without ASEAN intervention, Myanmar could be far worse." World leaders who have condemned andsanctioned the junta, including US President Joe Biden, will be in attendance, as will friendlier nations to Myanmar such as Russia and China, represented by Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Premier Li Keqiang respectively. Officials expect this week's summit to be a difficult one, with discussions also expected to include the war in Ukraine and regional tensions over the South China Sea, Taiwan and North Korea.
Data 7: Myanmar's escalating violence and political gridlock are expected to dominate an ASEAN leaders' summit on Friday, as increasingly frustrated members of the regional bloc struggle to get the country's junta to comply with an agreed peace plan. Data 7 used the word "and" as a transition signal of indicating an addition to connecting two equal statements. Data 8: Officials expect this week's summit to be a difficult one, with discussions also expected to include the war in Ukraine and regional tensions over the South China Sea, Taiwan, and North Korea. Data 8 used the word "also" as a transition signal of indicating the addition Data 9: Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have blamed Myanmar's military rulers for failing to implement the peace plan agreed jointly last year, which includes ending hostilities and allowing access for a special envoy and aid. Data 9 used the word "last" as a transition signal of indicating the time Data 10: "Whether it is Cambodia as chair now or Indonesia next year those divisions aren't going to go away, and that is likely to continue to limit the bloc's ability to pressure the junta in Myanmar or respond smartly to rising great power competition," he said Data 10 used the word "next" as a transition signal of indicating the time Data 11: ASEAN, which has barred junta leaders from its meetings since last year, repeated last week its commitment to the so-called five-point peace consensus, but some members have urged a stronger stance. Data 11 used the word "but" as a transition signal of indicating the distinction c) Title: Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali 9News.com Nov 11 th , 2022 Russian President Vladimir Putin will not attend the Group of 20 summit in Indonesia next week, officials from Russia and Indonesia said, avoiding a possible confrontation with western allies over his war in Ukraine. Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, the chief of support for G20 events, said Putin's decision not to come was "the best for all of us". Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, US President Joe Biden, Chinese President Xi Jinping and other world leaders are to attend the two-day summit that starts on Tuesday.

Russian President Vladimir Putin won't be going to Bali. (Sergei Karpukhin, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP) (AP) The summit would have been the first time Biden and
Putin were together at a gathering since Russia invaded Ukraine in February. Indonesian President Joko Widodo is hosting the event on the island of Bali. "It has been officially informed that Russia's President Vladimir Putin will not attend the G20 summit, and will be represented by a high-level official, and this has been discussed by President Joko Widodo and Putin in previous telephone conversations," Pandjaitan said after meeting security officials in Denpasar, the capital of Bali. "Whatever happens with Russia's decision, it is for our common good and the best for all of us," added Pandjaitan, who is also the coordinating minister of maritime affairs and investment.
Russian Foreign Ministry and Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed on Thursday that Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov would the delegation instead of Putin. He did not give a reason. In March, Russia's ambassador to Indonesia Lyudmila Vorobieva had said Putin "wants to go" to the summit. That prompted then-prime minister Scott Morrison to voice concerns about sitting around the table with the Russian leader, saying it would be a "step too far" amid the ongoing invasion. Albanese had already committed to attending the summit, prioritising diplomatic relations with Indonesia, a country more than 270 million people. "I'm focused on sitting with President Widodo, not sitting with President Putin," he said. "It is in Australia's interest to have good relations with our Indonesian friends." Albanese said he would, however, be keen to meet with the Chinese president, after years of strained relations between the countries. "I've made it very clear that dialogue is a good thing. And so if a meeting is arranged with Xi, then that would be a positive thing," Albanese said on Thursday. "We are organising a range of meetings, but they haven't been finalisedand locked in at this point in time." Pandjaitan did not know why Putin decided not to come but said "maybe it's because President Putin is busy at home, and we also have to respect that". Pandjaitan said the same reason might be keeping Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at home as well.
Widodo earlier this year travelled to Kyiv and Moscow in an effort to get the two leaders to sit down in Bali and make peace. The revelation of Putin's decision not to attend the summit came as Russian forces in Ukraine suffered significant setbacks. Russia's military said it will withdraw from Kherson, which is the only Ukrainian regional capital it captured since the beginning of the invasion and a gateway to the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula. Russia's announced retreat from Kherson along with a potential stalemate in fighting over the winter could provide both countries an opportunity to negotiate peace, Army General Mark Milley, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, said on Wednesday. He said as many as 40,000 Ukrainian civilians and "well over" 100,000 Russian soldiers had been killed or wounded in the war, now in its ninth month. Same thing probably on the Ukrainian side," Milley added.
The G20 is the biggest of three summits being held in South-East Asia this week and next, and it remains unclear if Lavrov will represent Russia at all of them. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations summit began on Thursday in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, followed by the G20 and then the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Bangkok, Thailand. Biden had ruled out meeting with Putin if he had attended the summit and said the only conversation he could have possibly had with the Russian leader would be to discuss a deal to free Americans imprisoned in Russia. Biden administration officials said they had been Transition Signals in Headline News, Indah Sari https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/languageliteracy 483 Nationally Accredited SINTA 3, and indexed in DOAJ and Copernicus coordinating with global counterparts to isolate Putin if he had decided to participate either in person or virtually. They have discussed boycotts or other displays of condemnation.
Data 12: Russian President Vladimir Putin will not attend the Group of 20summits in Indonesia next week, officials from Russia and Indonesia said, avoiding a possible confrontation with western allies over his war in Ukraine. Data 12 used the word "and" as a transition signal of indicating an addition to connecting two equal statements Data 13: Pandjaitan did not know why Putin decided not to come but said "maybe it's because President Putin is busy at home, and we also have to respect that". Data 13 used the word "because" as a transition signal of indicating cause and effect Data 14: "I've made it very clear that dialogue is a good thing. And so if a meeting is arranged with Xi, then that would be a positive thing," Albanese said on Thursday. Data 14 used the word "so" as a transition signal of indicating cause and effect Data 15: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations summit began on Thursday in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, followed by the G20 and then the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Bangkok, Thailand. Data 15 used the word "then" as a transition signal of indicating addition Data 16: "Whatever happens with Russia's decision, it is for our common good and the best for all of us," added Pandjaitan, who is also the coordinating minister of maritime affairs and investment. Data 16 used the word "also" as a transition signal of indicating addition Data 17: The G20 is the biggest of three summits being held in South-East Asia this week and next, and it remains unclear if Lavrov will represent Russia at all of them. Data 17 used the word "next" as a transition signal of indicating time Data 18: He said as many as 40,000 Ukrainian civilians and "well over" 100,000 Russian soldiers had been killed or wounded in the war, now in its ninth month. Data 18 used the word "next" as a transition signal of indicating time Data 19: Putin if he had decided to participate either in person orvirtually. Data 19 used the word "or" as a transition signal of indicating addition Data 20: We are organising a range of meetings, but they haven't been finalised and locked in at this point in time." Data 20 used the word "but" as a transition signal of indicating distinction

The Types of Transition Signals
Based on the data analysis, the total number of transition signals in headline news taken from the Antaranews.com entitled Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability can be tabulated in the following: No Based on table 1, the frequency of transition signals in the headline news from Antaranews.com entitled "Indonesia urges ASEAN, China to help maintain regional stability" was 19 that consisted of the types of transition signals that show addition were and (14 or 75%), further(1 or 5%), also (1 or 5%), to show time was first (1 or 5%), to indicate sample was for instance (1 or 5%), and to show cause and effect was therefore (1 or 5%).The most widely used was to indicate addition with 16 or 85%.
Moreover, the total number of transition signals in the thejakartapost.com headline news entitled "Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected" can be tabulated in the following: No Based on table 2, the frequencies of transition signals in the headline news from thejakartapost.com entitled Myanmar to dominate ASEAN agenda, but 'little progress expected' were 31 of the types of transition signals that show addition were and (18 or 58%), also (1 or 3%), or (3 or 10%), to show time were last (5 or 16%), next (1 or 3%), now (1 or 3%), and to indicate distinction was but (2 or 7%). The most widely used was indicating addition with 22 or 71%. Furthermore, the total number of transition signals in the 9News.comheadline news entitled Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali can be tabulated in the following: No Based on table 4, the frequencies of transition signals in the headline news from 9News.com entitled "Russian President Vladimir Putin won't attend upcoming G20 summit in Bali" were 35 of the types of transition signals that show addition such as and (20 or 57%),then (3 or 8%), also (2 or 6%), and or (3 or 8%), to indicate cause and effect such as because (1 or 3%), and so(1 or 3%), to show time such as next (2 or 6%), and now(1 or 3%), and to show distinction such as but (2 or 6%).The most widely used was to indicate addition with 28 or 81%. Stott (1991) mentioned about the reasons of using transition signals in writing such as: 1. To make the movement of the paragraphs in the text logical and smooth. 2. To strengthen the internal cohesion and coherence in a text. 3. To show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs 4. To provide valuable signals to the reader about the relationship between parts of the text.

Data 21:
For instance, ASEAN, which is one of the biggest wheat and soybean consumers in the world, has spent at least US$61 billion on importing food, he pointed out. Data 21 used the word "for instance" to show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs.
Data 22: Therefore, both sides should respond to the difficult situation by fostering cooperation. Data 22 used the word "therefore" to show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs.
Data 23: Widodo earlier this year travelled to Kyiv and Moscow in an effort to get the two leaders to sit down in Bali and make peace. Data 23 used the word "and" to show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs

Types of Transition Signals
Based on the findings, the types of transition signals found in the headline news were to indicate addition, time, sample, distinction, and cause and effect, and the most widely used was to indicate addition in each headline news. This finding is related to the classification of transition signals by Sherma, Slawson, Whitton, and Wiemelt (2010). Moreover, the transition signals that show addition are frequently used in the sentences since they linktwo equal sentences or compound sentences (Frank, 1972). Furthermore, Knapp and Watkins (2005) describe that in compound sentences there are two or more clauses that are coordinated or linked in such a way as to give each equal status as a statement and they often share the same subject. Stott (1991) mentions about the reasons of using transition signals in writing such as: 1. To make the movement of the paragraphs in the text logical and smooth. 2. To strengthen the internal cohesion and coherence in a text. 3. To show the relationship between the parts of sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs. 4. To provide valuable signals to the reader about the relationship between parts of the text.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the types of transition signals found in the headline news were to indicate addition, time, sample, distinction, and cause and effect, and the most widely used was to indicate addition in each headline news. Moreover, the reasons for using transition signals in headline news were 1) to make the movement of the paragraphs in the text logical