Nasib Perempuan dalam Budaya Patriarki Tionghoa pada Novel Nona Tjoe Joe Karya Tio Ie Soei: Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis dan Hegemoni

Abstract

This study examines women's subordination within early twentieth-century Chinese Peranakan patriarchal culture through the protagonist of Tio Ie Soei's Nona Tjoe Joe (1922), set in the colonial Dutch East Indies. Integrating feminist literary criticism, Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony, and Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic violence, the study investigates the mechanisms of patriarchal domination, manifestations of female resistance, and factors contributing to its failure. Employing a descriptive-interpretative textual analysis, the study applies Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña's interactive analytical model. The findings identify three interconnected mechanisms of oppression: paternal authority governing women's life choices, loveless marriage perpetuating unequal power relations, and societal double standards that penalize female transgression while legitimizing male dominance. These mechanisms operate through coercion and internalized consent, with patriarchal values reproduced even by women themselves. Tjoe Joe's resistance, manifested through rejecting arranged marriage, refusing marital intimacy, and escaping domestic confinement, ultimately fails because it lacks collective solidarity and institutional protection. The study concludes that Nona Tjoe Joe constitutes both a historical representation of gender inequality and a literary critique of patriarchal hegemony, offering valuable insights for gender-conscious literary education.