Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) : Dinamika Penularan, Patogenesis dan Faktor Risiko

Winda Wahyu Setya Rahmah, Dwi Handayani, Susilawati Susilawati, Dalilah Dalilah, Gita Dwi Prasasty


Abstract


Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) merupakan salah satu infeksi yang masih banyak ditemukan baik di wilayah tropis maupun subtropis, terutama di wilayah dengan kondisi higiene dan sanitasi yang buruk sehingga mendorong perkembangan cacing. Kelompok cacing ini yaitu Ascaris lumbricoides, Tricuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale dan Necator americanus yang ditularkan melalui kontak dengan tanah yang mengandung stadium infektif cacing tersebut yang berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan mulai dari anemia, gangguan pertumbuhan dan gangguan organ tubuh. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika penularan, patogenesis dan faktor risiko infeksi STH dari tinjauan literatur ilmiah yang dipublikasikan sepuluh tahun terakhir. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan PRISMA dengan basis data meliputi PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Cochrane. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dinamika penularan STH melalui rute fekal-oral dari telur infektif cacing dan penetrasi kulit larva infekstif cacing tambang, yang didukung dengan kondisi lingkungan dan perilaku host. Patogenesis infeksi STH erat kaitannya dengan paparan atau intensitas infeksi dan respon imun host yang berimplikasi pada gangguan maupun kerusakan jaringan tubuh. Praktik higiene dan sanitasi, akses air bersih, kondisi toilet, sistem pembungan limbah feses dan aspek sosio-ekonomi serta kondisi lingkungan berpengaruh pada faktor risiko infeksi STH. Pemahaman dari ketiga aspek tersebut penting dan menjadi dasar dalam strategi peengendalian dan eliminasi infeksi STH yang lebih efektif.

Keywords


Soil-Transmitted Helminth, Penularan, Patogenesis, Faktor Risiko, Infeksi Parasit

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.30743/best.v9i1.13743

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